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Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Mechanic is that section applied mechanics, concerned with the staticc and dynamics of liquids and gases.
A knowledge of fluid mechanics is essential for the Mechanical engineer, because the majority of Mechanical processing operations are conducted either partially or totally in the fluid phase.
The handling of liquids is much simpler, much cheaper, and much less troublesome than handling solids.
Even in many operations a solid is handled in a finely divided state so that it stays in suspension in a fluid.
Fluid Statics: Which treats fluids in the equilirium state of no shear strees.
Fluid Statics: Which treats fluids in the equilirium state of no shear strees.
Fluid Mechanics: Which treats when portions of fluid are in motion relative to other parts.
Fluids and their Properties
Fluids
In everyday life, we recognize three states of matter:
- solid,
- liquid and
- gas.
Although different in many respects, liquids and gases have a common characteristic in which they differ from solids: they are fluids, lacking the ability of solids to offer a permanent resistance to a deforming force.
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the action of shearing forces, however small they may be.Conversely, it follows that:
If a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing forces acting and, therefore, all forces in the fluid must be perpendicular to the planes upon which they act.
If a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing forces acting and, therefore, all forces in the fluid must be perpendicular to the planes upon which they act.
Shear stress in a moving fluid
Although there can be no shear stress in a fluid at rest, shear stresses are developed when the fluid is in motion, if the particles of the fluid move relative to each other so that they have different velocities, causing the original shape of the fluid to become distorted. If, on the other hand, the velocity of the fluid is same at every point, no shear stresses will be produced, since the fluid particles are at rest relative to each other.
Although there can be no shear stress in a fluid at rest, shear stresses are developed when the fluid is in motion, if the particles of the fluid move relative to each other so that they have different velocities, causing the original shape of the fluid to become distorted. If, on the other hand, the velocity of the fluid is same at every point, no shear stresses will be produced, since the fluid particles are at rest relative to each other.
Rabu, 27 Juni 2012
Modern Tools
Many mechanical engineering companies, especially those in industrialized nations, have begun to incorporate computer-aided engineering (CAE) programs into their existing design and analysis processes, including 2D and 3D solid modeling computer-aided design
(CAD). This method has many benefits, including easier and more
exhaustive visualization of products, the ability to create virtual
assemblies of parts, and the ease of use in designing mating interfaces
and tolerances.
Other CAE programs commonly used by mechanical engineers include product lifecycle management
(PLM) tools and analysis tools used to perform complex simulations.
Analysis tools may be used to predict product response to expected
loads, including fatigue life and manufacturability. These tools include
finite element analysis (FEA), computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
Using
CAE programs, a mechanical design team can quickly and cheaply iterate
the design process to develop a product that better meets cost,
performance, and other constraints. No physical prototype need be
created until the design nears completion, allowing hundreds or
thousands of designs to be evaluated, instead of a relative few. In
addition, CAE analysis programs can model complicated physical phenomena
which cannot be solved by hand, such as viscoelasticity, complex
contact between mating parts, or non-Newtonian flows.
As mechanical engineering begins to merge with other disciplines, as seen in mechatronics, multidisciplinary design optimization
(MDO) is being used with other CAE programs to automate and improve
the iterative design process. MDO tools wrap around existing CAE
processes, allowing product evaluation to continue even after the
analyst goes home for the day. They also utilize sophisticated
optimization algorithms to more intelligently explore possible designs,
often finding better, innovative solutions to difficult
multidisciplinary design problems.
Coursework
Standards set by each country's
accreditation society are intended to provide uniformity in fundamental
subject material, promote competence among graduating engineers, and
to maintain confidence in the engineering profession as a whole.
Engineering programs in the U.S., for example, are required by ABET to
show that their students can "work professionally in both thermal and
mechanical systems areas."[12] The specific courses required to graduate, however, may differ from program to program. Universities and Institutes of technology
will often combine multiple subjects into a single class or split a
subject into multiple classes, depending on the faculty available and
the university's major area(s) of research.
The fundamental subjects of mechanical engineering usually include:
- Statics and dynamics
- Strength of materials and solid mechanics
- Instrumentation and measurement
- Electrotechnology
- Electronics
- Thermodynamics, heat transfer, energy conversion, and HVAC
- Combustion, automotive engines, fuels
- Fluid mechanics and fluid dynamics
- Mechanism design (including kinematics and dynamics)
- Manufacturing engineering, technology, or processes
- Hydraulics and pneumatics
- Mathematics - in particular, calculus, differential equations, and linear algebra.
- Engineering design
- Product design
- Mechatronics and control theory
- Material Engineering
- Design engineering, Drafting, computer-aided design (CAD) (including solid modeling), and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)[13][14]
Mechanical engineers are also expected to understand and be able to apply basic concepts from chemistry, physics, chemical engineering, civil engineering, and electrical engineering. Most mechanical engineering programs include multiple semesters of calculus, as well as advanced mathematical concepts including differential equations, partial differential equations, linear algebra, abstract algebra, and differential geometry, among others.
In
addition to the core mechanical engineering curriculum, many
mechanical engineering programs offer more specialized programs and
classes, such as robotics, transport and logistics, cryogenics, fuel technology, automotive engineering, biomechanics, vibration, optics and others, if a separate department does not exist for these subjects.[15]
Most
mechanical engineering programs also require varying amounts of
research or community projects to gain practical problem-solving
experience. In the United States it is common for mechanical engineering
students to complete one or more internships while studying, though this is not typically mandated by the university. Cooperative education is another option.
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